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He was a strong leader, whose conquests expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest size. The Emperor proclaimed an entirely new state religion of 'God-ism' (Din-i-ilahi) - a jumble of Islamic, Hindu, Christian and Buddhist teaching with himself as deity. After a crushing defeat in the war of 18571858 which he nominally led, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858. Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. It never spread beyond his court and died when he did. Describe the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): Describe the Ottoman Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): . [97] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. [133], The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan", "14. The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Jahan. No approval by, nor association with, the creators of the CCSS is intended or implied. 9WN.F4I;>9g}v3v/Ew?2$^ZNuL:0ou`}\=oJ\{,){z%vg4y3[JV0yj(g;&k3{ym}t8pj]z\cPO [43] Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Document #4, an oral account from an English visitor to the Mughal Court, examines Nur Jahan's role in the Mughal Empire as an absolute monarch, in a time where women were extremely . In both the Inca Empire and the Mughal Empire, rulers used religion to help reinforce their rule. Akbar played a key role in establishing Bengal as a leading economic centre, as he began transforming many of the jungles there into farms. 3 0 obj
In locations such as India, empire-building involved a more complex interplay of economics with the pre-existing political structures, though the Europeans were still able to eventually gain control. 1 0 obj
They also retained the great military skill and cunning of their Mongol ancestors, and were among the first Western military leaders to use guns. The heavy taxes he levied impoverished the farming population. The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. Babur may have been descended from brutal conquerors, but he was not a barbarian bent on loot and plunder. [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. He established a form of delegated government in which the provincial governors were personally responsible to him for the quality of government in their territory. 15.Explain how Sikhism developed in relation to the Mughal Empire. Open Document. [97], The Mughal administration emphasised agrarian reform, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750. Describe about the crises faced by the Mughal in the last of 17th century. <>
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fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" Babur succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives. [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. gC$ j20@Ldel\%1`m0h0BJD2A%DDt2 ACKn"kKAH
LP&)!m"FBf"9y To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . In Cuzco, the Inca Capital, there was a major gold-covered sun temple constructed high above most of the city, allowing the rulers to conduct elaborate ceremonies in full view of their subjects. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and . [97] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only China (Ming era) but larger than Europe. The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. These were the cities of Agra, Delhi, Lahore, and Fatehpur Sikri. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. Whats Tested on AP World History: Modern. This was a great activity to use to be able to give the students the chance to see primary sources from this era. [46] However, in the decisive Battle of Khanwa which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. [87] Kabul was the summer capital of Mughals from 1526 to 1681. 7-@@AI:+ Shiism. The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade. Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. The establishment of a Hindu Marathi Empire in southern India cut off the Mughal state to the south. [179]Fathullah Shirazi (c.1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi gun shot. [39] Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "Sultanate of the Country of Delhi" (Persian: , romanized:Sultanat-i-Mamlikat-i-Dihli), or "The Protected Countries of Hindustan" (Persian: , romanized:Mumlik-i-Marsa-i-Hindustan). The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. endobj
The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective rule over much of India; for the ability of its rulers, who through seven generations maintained a record of unusual talent; and for its administrative organization. "[118], Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. [97] Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Japan. [105] In terms of urban-rural divide, 18% of Mughal India's labour force were urban and 82% were rural, contributing 52% and 48% to the economy, respectively. He ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan. hifsa latif directions: please complete your essay in the space provided below. Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar, as a part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam. According to Dyson urbanization of Mughal empire was less than 9%. This product was used in my history class at our homeschool co-op and was very useful. [97] However, a number of cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.[152]. When additional factors, such as epidemic disease, also played a role, as they did in the Americas, the empire-builders could sometimes briskly overthrow and replace the original political structures. endobj
A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime. Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. [citation needed] Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court, and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. The Mughal Empire was important for bringing almost the entire Indian subcontinent under one domain, drawing the subcontinent's regions together through enhanced overland and coastal trading networks. [9], The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs. [103] The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar cane, tree-crops, and opium, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. bK-SwV^68 !`E6q
o5,uU[(%~X{s@nD rZ"Nf],N+v8^j#:7kC'0i5R$|f3Z|b(wPYnU#Rjvj?M:#ltqMygOUhqUyy?4YoT!MCNG'v'! He even wrote an autobiography, The Babur - Namah. The great Mughal city of Calcutta came under the control of the east India company in 1696 and in the decades that followed Europeans and European - backed by Hindu princes conquered most of the Mughal territory. [126] By the early 18th century, Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and the Middle East. Also both empires had a form of Bureaucracies. 481 words. Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. . However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. The Hindu kingdoms also fought back, often supported by the French and the British, who used them to tighten their grip on the sub-continent. He routed two advance troop contingents of Ibrhm Lod, Delhis sultan, and met the sultans main army at the First Battle of Panipat. %".{l1AbL}9mmHY2[,ArDxPGW7]6vF x H"~,.fi)|$a
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He defeated Humyn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India. a Turkish invader from Central Asia. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan . 'sons-in-law'). Being a Muslim state, the empire employed fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and therefore the fundamental institutions of Islamic law such as those of the qadi (judge), mufti (jurisconsult), and muhtasib (censor and market supervisor) were well-established in the Mughal Empire.
Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. 3 Pages. Compared to Britain, the price of grain was about one-half in South India and one-third in Bengal, in terms of silver coinage. DOCUMENT 3 DOCUMENT 4 Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their . [97] India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. to see state-specific standards (only available in the US). 1800 Time Period ( remember : 18th century = 1700s , and so on ) DOCUMENT WORK ( preliminary ) Main Idea Outside Evidence HAPP ( HIPP ) Document 1 Safavid military and militia were well trained and knew how to handle gunpowder weapons Document 2 Mughal empire invested a lot of money into different expenditures , paying a lot to their military Audience : Austrian Emperor Document 3 Ottoman . [137] The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests, tax collection and Bengali culture in general, including the New Year and Autumn festivals. [138][pageneeded] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. The AP World History: Modern Exam requires you to complete a document-based question, which is why we have provided example DBQs and tips for writing reponses below. Processed products included cotton textiles, yarns, thread, silk, jute products, metalware, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. 2("%m'N*\ The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan, Ahmedabads Jama Masjid (Grand Mosque) was built in the 15th century in Gujarat, Jewelled archway in Humayun's tumb in Delhi, Itimad-ud-Daulah's tomb in Agra is considered a landmark in Mughal architecture, The Taj Mahal, commissioned by Emperor Jahan, marks the apex of the Mughal Empire. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. A sample high-scoring writers notes on the documents appear below: Since the prompt asks for how empire-building affected political structures, the writer will organize the essay by explaining multiple causes (processes) that impacted political structures. [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy, while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy.[185][186]. Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire; it symbolises stability, power and confidence. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. [97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. stream
. Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau . In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering much territory and taking many slaves. Urdu uses an Arabic script, but Persian vocabulary and Hindi grammatical structure. [185][186], During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy. . 1 0 obj
The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. [115] However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for manual labour. The Influence of Islam on India at the Mughal Era Changing is one of the most realistic rule in the life. endstream
OER Project - Free, Standards Based Online History Curriculum AP Human Geography: Political Organization of Space Notes, AP U.S. Government and Politics: SCOTUS Comparison, AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question. Free-Response Questions. [86], The Mughals had multiple imperial capitals, established over the course of their rule. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. Cause 1: military conquest destruction, Cause 2: colonization replace native populations governments, Cause 3: military + colonization + economic influence gradual political power, conclusion: 3 processes; when additional factors (disease in Americas) briskly replaced political structures; India more complex interplay of processes, [RELATED: AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question ], The extremes of military conquest sometimes resulted in the destruction of the native populations political structures. [61] With the support of the Islamic orthodoxy, however, a younger son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb (r.16581707), seized the throne. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> V:-t9ki
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n,k&3*? Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. Bbur and the establishment of the Mughals, Akbar the Great and the consolidation of the empire, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty, HistoryWorld - History of the Moghul Empire, Mughal Empire - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Mughal Empire - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Mughal emperors: Jahngr, Akbar, and Shah Jahn. European merchants gradually expanded their power in India, aided by the decline of the Mughal empire, as explained in Document 4. A#1P%YQ. Islam Empire Dbq Essay. In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. [98] India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>>
Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. [124] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. G`dN4$Cz.7r The Mughals were descendants of Timuraids, who hailed from Central Asia. Updates? "The Urdu language reforms." The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi'a state; he also reintroduced religious toleration. [63][57][58] From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor. Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing. [64] He expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia,[62]:1 but at his death in 1707, "many parts of the empire were in open revolt". endobj
It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith. As if to confirm it, Jahan had these lines inscribed there: "If there is Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here.". He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. If you would like an editable version of the DBQ, please send me an email to the address in the PDF. [182] In 1657, the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar. endobj
After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250tons annually, compared with 23,061tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[142] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. Evidence for the use of a draw bar for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahala UNESCO World Heritage Site considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",[162] attracting 78 million unique visitors a year. Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 19011910. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over the course of the empire's history. Image via Freemanpedia. hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} He did eventually recover the throne but died soon afterwards after breaking his neck falling downstairs. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. [98][140] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.[142]. t[.]]ICW+"thKj p#XHa/5(]8X)ay \r@9Md(D\]XJ(#VJ;]AB 9YDz'5Blaao3tuf& C*O;yNX*2g\@m(q1J|fl=N&i:v%.T.%1ZpW. [151], Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. Birth Year: 1542. A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century. Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru Tegh Bahadur, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community. [136] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. [66], Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. . 2 0 obj
[114] This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. Babur moved into Afghanistan in 1504, and then moved on to India, apparently at the invitation of some Indian princes who wanted to dispose of their ruler. [9] Under the zabt system, the Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveying to assess the area of land under plow cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation. By the mid-17th century, Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas, maize and tobacco. |IYdw
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Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. [116], Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. [43] Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king,[62] with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,[43] while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples,[65] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims. Countries sending large numbers of settlers was another effective method of empire-building. Mirza is a civil title, and Khan is a military one. Later emperors showed little desire to govern or to invest their money in agriculture, technology, or the military. Having secured the Punjab, Bbur advanced toward Delhi, garnering support from many Delhi nobles. The palaces, tombs, gardens and forts built by the dynasty stand today in Agra, Aurangabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Fatehpur Sikri, Jaipur, Lahore, Kabul, Sheikhupura, and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh,[163] such as: The Mughal artistic tradition, mainly expressed in painted miniatures, as well as small luxury objects, was eclectic, borrowing from Iranian, Indian, Chinese and Renaissance European stylistic and thematic elements. Compare the point of view of two or more authors for how they treat the same or similar topics, including which details they include and emphasize in their respective accounts. [9] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[104] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[103] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. Before the 1700s, three of the major imperiums were called the Gunpowder Empires: the Ottomans of Turkey, the Safavids of Iran, and the Mughals of India. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). Pre-made digital activities. |Wm[ a ;wV(tp7"`;
d]V ,d^rJvBUc)2=@SUP 6ZnM@wp! mT. [147], Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who consider them exaggerations. They had become Muslims and assimilated the culture of the Middle East, while keeping elements of their Far Eastern roots. [13] This imperial structure lasted until 1720, until shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb,[14][15] during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. =`D1Uoq,8Q;h#Gcazx!1abHleDPMFgx2\PTm`#ZZcEYd0 @)~-Tlpp@`=B
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