Subscribe to this website and receive notification each time a free genealogy resource is newly published. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. A number of incidents occurred during the war in which civilians were deliberately targeted or killed the most prominent being the Hu Massacre and the M Lai Massacre. My Lai (4) and My Khe (4) (collectively the My Lai Massacre) claimed the largest number of victims with 420 and 90 respectively, and in five other places a total of about 100 civilians were executed. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Although North Vietnamese and Viet Cong casualty counts vary wildly, it is generally understood that they suffered several times the number of American casualties. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Through the years, the memorial has matured and developed into a unique place of tranquility and honor. The war also spilled over into the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos which also endured casualties from aerial bombing and ground fighting. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker ", Viet Cong and Peoples Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War, Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate, "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme", "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate", http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_prio_armed_conflict_dataset/, http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a032189.pdf, Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. For weeks and weeks, a team worked through the list, verifying spellings and ensuring that the computer printout that was to be used for the stenciling was correct. [15][16][17] Walter Mead estimates that approximately 365,000 Vietnamese civilians to have died as a result of the war during the period of American involvement. In my report I described them as so many women between fifteen and twenty-five and so many childrenusually in their mothers' arms or very close to themand so many old people." The National Park Service offers these steps for locating a name: National Park Service rangers and volunteers are available to assist in locating names at the Memorial. Officials have released the names of the victims of the Dadeville, Alabama mass shooting at a birthday party. Nick Turse, in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves, argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as VC, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. The list of names goes down panel 1 East, then to the right to line 1 of panel 2 East. Updated on: April 16, 2023 / 7:27 PM / CBS News. Political turbulence there and two alleged North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. naval vessels spurred Johnson to demand the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964. [36][37][41] All individuals killed in declared free-fire zones, combatants or not, were considered enemy killed in action by US forces . This approach would allow veterans, friends and family members to find a loved one by his or her date of casualty. "[56] Investigations by Korean civic groups have alleged that at least 9,000 civilians were massacred by ROK forces. June 19, 1969 Jack Sweitzer and Tom McMullen (fat albert) were severly wounded by a recoilless rifle round that hit as we ate lunch. Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Vietnam War vary widely. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in the proportion of black casualties, and by late 1967, black casualties had fallen to 13%, and were below 10% in 1970 to 1972. The State of Indiana, Vietnam casualties list by county : list of names reported from Jan. 1, 1961 thru Mar. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. The National Archives has custody of U.S. Navy deck logs and U.S. Navy muster rolls/personnel diaries for the Vietnam conflict. She has written numerous military history books, articles and book reviews and is also an award-winning author. These estimates probably include deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia, but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead. Beside each name is a symbol that denotes a service members status: either missing or confirmed dead. Soldiers, one wounded and being carried by a colleague, walking down Hill Timothy, during the conflict in Vietnam. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. [49] The Second Marine Brigade perpetrated the Phong Nh and Phong Nht massacre on 12 February 1968. Kirby on June 8, 1968 and Lanny on October 14, 1969 Brothers Jerry and Joseph Hailey were both killed in Vietnam. [95][98] As a result, by the war's completion, total black casualties averaged 12.5% of US combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft-eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10% who served in the military. Others think it is just another tourist stop until they feel the haunting power of this unique work of remembrance. Vietnam War Casualties- Main Alphabetical Index www.VirtualWall.org Find A Name Information Memorial pages honoring Vietnam War casualties, listed by their last names. The terms of this expansion included yet more funding and arms, but a key alteration was the commitment of U.S. soldiers to the region. Including 28 civilians, originally there were 52 missing civilians. [64] According to the Vietnamese government, from 1994 to 2012, 172,460 PAVN/VC bodies were found, including 15,989 in Cambodia, and 14,549 in Laos, and around 10,000 bodies were found from 2012 to 2015, reducing the number of MIA from 390,000 (1993) to 207,000 (2016). Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists. Quantico, VA 22134. The West Wall May 25, 1968 to May 15, 1975. [8], Lewy estimates that 40,000 South Vietnamese civilians were assassinated by the PAVN/VC; 300,000 were killed as a result of combat in South Vietnam, and 65,000 were killed in North Vietnam for a total of 405,000 killed. They seem honored to be putting the names on the Wall.. Step 7: Open bank account: Financial backers need to open two sorts of ledgers, to be specific the speculation capital record to get the venture sum and the exchange represent going through with . Authority Record - NARA Records of the U.S. troops. The Coffelt Database of Vietnam War casualties has its roots in an effort begun by Richard Donham Coffelt. [2], Guenter Lewy in 1978 estimated 1,353,000 total deaths in North and South Vietnam during the period 19651974 in which the U.S. was most engaged in the war. He would become instrumental in helping Doubek identify names and check spellings. And they are so respectful when they do the engraving. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. The essence of the Wall is the names and the reaction of the visitor to seeing his or her reflection in this sea of remembrance. CASUALTIES BY AGE-ENLISTED November 11, 1982. If youre looking to see where better photos are needed, you can do a search online through the Wall of Faces. She wanted the names to tell the journey, or the timeline, of the war. [93][97], Civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, John Lewis, Muhammad Ali and others, criticized the racial disparity in both casualties and representation in the entire military, prompting the Pentagon to order cutbacks in the number of African Americans in combat positions. In the event a service members remains are returned or accounted for, then a diamond symbol is engraved over the plus sign. The earliest casualties are named on line 1 of panel 1 East, at the center of the Wall. According to the Information Bureau of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (PRG), a shadow government formed by North Vietnam in 1969, between April 1968 and the end of 1970 American ground troops killed about 6,500 civilians in the course of twenty-one operations either on their own or alongside their allies. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. Corrections? One escapee died of wounds sustained during his rescue 15 days later. We were tickled to death," Raymond Klug told Milkovits. In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., inscribed with the names of 57,939 members of U.S. armed forces who had died or were missing as a result of the war. According to RJ Rummel, from 1964 to 1975, an estimated 1,500 people died during the forced relocations of 1,200,000 civilians, another 5,000 prisoners died from ill-treatment and about 30,000 suspected communists and fighters were executed. There is now a face for every name inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., thanks to volunteer researchers. The casualty date is the date the person was killed or wounded in combat or injured during an accident; for the missing, the date is when the person was reported missing. Congress is now considering doing something it hasnt done since the Vietnam War repealing authorizations for the use of military force, De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization, The United States negotiates a withdrawal, 9 Questions About the Vietnam War Answered, https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War, Vietnam War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Vietnam War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Why the debate over repealing Iraq War approval matters. This led to increased racial tension in the military. Search and destroy was a term to describe operations aimed at flushing the Viet Cong out of hiding, while body count was the measuring stick for operation success and this resulted in exaggeration and listing civilian deaths as enemy KIA. 2040 Broadway Street The following is a chart of all casualties, listed by race, and in descending order. To put a circle around the symbol beside their names would not provide the correct historical context related to their situation. Naval History and Heritage Command He estimated that victims of democide (deliberate killing of civilians) included 214,000 by North Vietnam/VC and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies. Her book Bernard Montgomerys Art of War won a Silver Medal from the Military Writers Society of America. [102] The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or suffer health problems due to Agent Orange exposure. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. "It was the epitome of immoralityOne of the times I counted bodies after an air strikewhich always ended with two napalm bombs which would just fry everything that was leftI counted sixty-two bodies. Not until 1995 did Vietnam release its official estimate of war dead: as many as 2 million civilians on both sides and some 1.1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. Harper Perennial; September 1991. With the glitch discovered, Doubek and his team located and hand-corrected each error. On the west wall, the symbol precedes the name; on the east wall, the symbol follows the name. Over the following years, additions to the list have brought the total past 58,200. It specified the geographic areas of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and surrounding coastal areas as combat zones. among the more than 58,000 names on the Vietnam . The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. Please note: U.S. Navy muster rolls/personnel diaries after 1971 utilize social security numbers and are subject to privacy restrictions. In honor of the men and women of the armed forces of the United States who served in the Vietnam War. He did so after a chance encounter at a VVMF event that brings a smaller replica of The Wall to communities across America. In that respect, it failed: the two Vietnams were united under a communist banner in July 1976. Our Vietnam war dead. In Qung Nam Province 4,700 civilians were killed in 1969. A 1975 US Senate subcommittee estimated around 1.4 million civilian casualties in South Vietnam because of the war, including 415,000 deaths. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. For this figure, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported enemy killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of the VC and PAVN military forces was probably closer to 444,000. [62], According to American writer Joseph Babcock, the Vietnamese government estimated 300,000 PAVN/VC missing-in-action (MIA) in 2019, but that the real number of MIA is widely believed to be closer to 500,000 people, whose bodies were either never found or buried anonymously and never identified. Eight Women's Names Are Among the Thousands on the Vietnam Memorial Wall. Tensions escalated into armed conflict between the two sides, and in 1961 U.S. President John F. Kennedy chose to expand the military aid program. Those who argue that the United States opponents won the war cite the United States overall objectives and outcomes. As a result, the software improperly truncated or abbreviated names. The panel number is a number/letter combination, such as 10W or 35E. Two people were killed and four others were wounded after gunfire erupted at Chickasaw Park in Louisville on Saturday night, authorities said. Although the names are not listed alphabetically, it is not difficult for visitors to find a name on the Memorial. Search by SSN, name, date of casualty, etc. Omissions? Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. American soldiers of the 173th airborne are evacuated by helicopter from a Vietcong position 11 December 1965. The Wall in Washington, D.C., had 58.281 names of Vietnam War casualties on it. They also assert that the U.S. overall suffered fewer casualties than its opponents. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial of Greater Rochester, which has found its home in Highland Park South, has been a place of great pride since its dedication on September 8, 1996. However, from a constitutional perspective, this conflict did not technically count as a war. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared these Vietnam War casualty lists by creating extracts from the military casualty data files in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330). According to a 2009 study, one third of land in the central provinces of Vietnam is still contaminated with unexploded mines and ordnance. Family members are invited to witness the inscription and also to attend the annual Memorial Day ceremony when the new names are read at the Wall. It granted him broad latitude in handling the struggle against communism in Southeast Asia. Unit histories and supporting documents of Air Force units are in the custody of the Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL. In some instances, names needed to be shuffled in order to fit on a line. Data for deaths in Laos is incomplete. Genealogy of the descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, Genealogy of John Howe of Sudbury and Marlborough, Massachusetts, Ezekiel Cheever and some of his Descendants, Early Records and Notes of the Brown Family, Somerville High School Yearbooks 1892-2016. [62] Across all three wars including the First Indochina War and the Third Indochina War there was a total of 1,146,250 PAVN/VC confirmed military deaths, included 939,460 with bodies recovered and 207,000 with the bodies unfound. It would also enable veterans to find groups of friends who died during the same incident. Unfortunately, the Department of Defense and the individual service branches maintained separate casualty lists with slightly differing criteria. State Lists of U. S. Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War Electronic Data Records Relating to Military Objectives and Activities During the Vietnam War Search Selected Vietnam War Electronic Records, through the Access to Archival Databases (AAD) Textual Records Relating to the Vietnam War Inscribed dots in the margins of every other panel mark every 10 lines to aid in counting. [46], The ROK Capital Division reportedly perpetrated the Bnh An/Ty Vinh massacre in February/March 1966. [93][94] With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died in the war. The American Folklife Center of the Library of Congress sponsors the Veterans History Project, which includes detailed first-hand accounts of war experiences, including those of Vietnam veterans. The U.S. Military estimated that approximately 200,000 to 250,000 South Vietnamese perished in the Vietnam War. [18], R. J. Rummel estimated that PAVN/VC forces killed around 164,000 civilians in democide between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam, from a range of between 106,000 and 227,000, plus another 50,000 killed in North Vietnam. 20% of black males were combat soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines. Lins vision prevailed. The first group, added in 1983, included 53 Marines who were killed when their R&R (rest and relaxation) flight crashed in Hong Kong. Rummel calculated PAVN/VC deaths at 1,062,000 and ARVN and allied war deaths of 741,000, with both totals including civilians inadvertently killed. Legacy of Hamburger . In . While VVMF finances the name additions to the Wall, it is the Department of Defense that makes these difficult and often technical decisions. 31, 1973 See image 154; Register of Vietnam War casualties from Kentucky; Directory of United States prisoners of war and missing in action as a result of the Vietnam War Kinston, North Carolina : Last Firebase Veterans Archive Project . By nearly every metric, the Vietnam War was, in the common sense of the word, a war. [91] Around 3035% of American deaths in the war were non-combat or friendly fire deaths; the largest causes of death in the U.S. armed forces were small arms fire (31.8%), booby traps including mines and frags (27.4%), and aircraft crashes (14.7%). [50][51] South Korean Marines reportedly perpetrated the H My massacre on 25 February 1968. Under the cover of monsoon rains the Vietcong (VC) 409th Battalion attacked the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines at Firebase Ross with mortars and sappers . The Memorial is dedicated to honor the courage . Operational Archives Branch This change prompted the addition of 110 names in 1986. The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it; these figures include the children of people who were exposed. Millions more come to experience this Memorial each year. Colleen Pontes, whose father Kevin Joyce was added in 2003, remembered the rush of emotions she felt as she and her brother watched their dads name being inscribed in the granite. [36][37][38][39] The My Lai Massacre was initially written off as an operational success and covered up. The first two names listed on Panel 1, East Wall, at the apex are from July 8, 1959. Vietnam emerged from the war as a potent military power within Southeast Asia, but its agriculture, business, and industry were disrupted, large parts of its countryside were scarred by bombs and defoliation and laced with land mines, and its cities and towns were heavily damaged. [20] About 130 American and 16,000 South Vietnamese POWs died in captivity. U.S. Army Personnel and Dependent Casualties, 1961-1981 85% of the records in this database are related to the Vietnam Conflict. Learn more about featured topics of the Vietnam War and Vietnam Era. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black; black people only made up about 11% of the population of the US. The virtual Wall of Faces features a page dedicated to honoring and remembering every person whose name is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Locate the corresponding panel at the Memorial. In 1975 South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North. DADEVILLE, Ala. (WSFA) - Four teens are dead and 28 were injured after a sweet-16 birthday party ended in gunfire Saturday night. Vietnam War, (1954-75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. U.S. military advisers, present in small numbers throughout the 1950s, were introduced on a large scale beginning in 1961, and active combat units were introduced in 1965. Once a master list was compiled, the names were checked manually for errors. The National Archives has custody of U.S. Marine Corps command chronologies during the Vietnam era and some other records for Vietnam. Mary Klinker,. State-Level Lists of Fatal Casualties of the Korean War (6/28/1950 - 3/10/1954) and the Vietnam War (6/8/1956 - 5/28/2006) Korean War State-Level Fatal Casualty Lists sorted Alphabetically by Last Name Vietnam War State-Level Fatal Casualty Lists sorted Alphabetically by Last Name Australia deployed over 60,000 servicemen and women to the conflict in Vietnam between 1962 and 1975; Australians served between 1962 and 1973, and again for a brief period in 1975. The database also estimates combat deaths in Cambodia for the years 196775 to total 259,000. If a person died or went missing in those areas, DoD considered that individual to be a combat zone casualty and eligible for inclusion on the Wall. Other volunteers who played a key role include Andrew Johnson, a Wisconsin newspaper publisher; David Hine, who first discovered the effort from a VVMF newsletter; and Herb Reckinger, who began searching for Minnesotans on the Wall in 2014 and expanded to other states. During and after the Vietnam War, the Department of Defense (DoD) compiled a list of combat zone casualties according to criteria in a 1965 Presidential Executive Order. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Vietnam Casualties. 1:50. Researchers should also contact the Marine Corps Archives & Special Collections at, Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections [citation needed] Black people often made up a disproportionate 25% or more of combat units, while constituting only 12% of the military. Johnson raised the number of South Vietnam deployments to 23,000 U.S. soldiers by the end of his first year in office. OR To shorten the name list, enter 2 or more letters of any part of a name in the box below. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. During this operational commitment, 521 Australians lost their lives and the majority of these were repatriated to Australia for burial and . The records of the Vietnam-Era Military Personnel Records are held by the U.S. Department of Defense. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Vietnam War Casualties, MIA and POWs. The idea behind adding faces to the names on The Wall was that even a simple image of a human face not only preserves the memory of the dead but touches the lives of people today. These were caused by assassinations, massacres, terror tactics, artillery, extensive aerial bombing, and the use of firepower in military operations conducted in heavily populated areas. The Wall of Faces gallery, an initiative of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, is now finally complete after more than two decades of research, the VVMF has announced. He did so after a chance encounter at a VVMF event that brings smaller! 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