And while the element certainly retains its wild side, we can reasonably claim to have tamed it. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. These values were determined using several different methods. The compound is a white crystalline salt and is transparent over a wide range of wavelengths, with commercial uses in optics that are also used in space telescopes. Being put to sleep is a little bit less worrisome thanks to fluorinated anaesthetics such as isoflurane and desflurane, which replaced flammable and explosive alternatives such as diethyl ether and chloroform. A horizontal row in the periodic table. To prevent rapid corrosion of the platinum in his electrochemical cells, he cooled the reaction to extremely low temperatures in a special bath and forged cells from a more resistant mixture of platinum and iridium, and used fluorite stoppers. [242] Because fluorocarbons do not normally mix with water, they must be mixed into emulsions (small droplets of perfluorocarbon suspended in water) to be used as blood. National Library of Medicine. [18] Fluorine atoms have a small covalent radius of around 60picometers, similar to those of its period neighbors oxygen and neon. It's chemical symbol is F and its formula is. [41] Helium and neon have no long-lived fluorides,[153] and no neon fluoride has ever been observed;[154] helium fluorohydride has been detected for milliseconds at high pressures and low temperatures. This week, a strong acid it's not, but deadly it definitely is. [291][292][295], Fluorine F Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Weight: 18.9984032 Melting Point: 53.63 KBoiling Point: 85.03 KSpecific mass: 0.001696 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 3.98, Chlorine Cl Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Weight: 35.453 Melting Point: 172.31 K Boiling Point: 239.11 KSpecific mass: 0.003214 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 3.16, Bromine Br Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Weight: 79.904 Melting Point: 266.05 K Boiling Point: 332.0 KSpecific mass: 3.122 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.96, Iodine I Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Weight: 126.90447 Melting Point: 386.65 K Boiling Point: 475.4 KSpecific mass: 4.93 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.66, Astatine At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Weight: [210] Melting Point: 575.15 K Boiling Point: 610 KSpecific mass: 7 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 2.2. [104] Rare earth elements and many other metals form mostly ionic trifluorides. Electron configuration [198], About 180,000metrictons of fluoropolymers were produced in 2006 and 2007, generating over $3.5billion revenue per year. [1] It was proposed by Robert Hurtubise and co-workers in 1977. Chlorofluorocarbon restrictions lowered this to 3.6million tons in 1994; production has since been increasing. The RSC makes no representations whatsoever about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published on this Site for any purpose. [100][101][note 11], Alkali metals form ionic and highly soluble monofluorides; these have the cubic arrangement of sodium chloride and analogous chlorides. [65], As with other iron alloys, around 3kg (6.5lb) metspar is added to each metric ton of steel; the fluoride ions lower its melting point and viscosity. Welcome to "A Visual Interpretation of The Table of Elements", the most striking version of the periodic table on the web. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. Text The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999-2011 It reacts with calcium and magnesium in the blood leading to hypocalcemia and possible death through cardiac arrhythmia. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. [96], Fluorine has a rich chemistry, encompassing organic and inorganic domains. Such precise chemical tinkering can now be carried out in pharmaceutical labs using an array of safe, commercially-available fluorinating agents, or the tricky transformations can simply be out-sourced to someone else. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. Density (g cm3) Free fluoride binds tightly to both calcium and magnesium, forming insoluble salts which precipitate into the surrounding tissues. [2], Fluorine's first ionization energy is third-highest among all elements, behind helium and neon,[16] which complicates the removal of electrons from neutral fluorine atoms. [243][244] One such product, Oxycyte, has been through initial clinical trials. The major consumer application is for non-stick cookware. [139] The pentafluorides of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony are more reactive than their respective trifluorides, with antimony pentafluoride the strongest neutral Lewis acid known. Important HCFCs include R-22, chlorodifluoromethane, and R-141b. 2 K + F2 = 2 KF :: Chemistry Applications:: . fluorine (F), most reactive chemical element and the lightest member of the halogen elements, or Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table. It also has a high electron affinity, second only to chlorine,[17] and tends to capture an electron to become isoelectronic with the noble gas neon;[2] it has the highest electronegativity of any reactive element. Since UF6 is as corrosive as fluorine, gaseous diffusion plants required special materials: nickel for membranes, fluoropolymers for seals, and liquid fluorocarbons as coolants and lubricants. atomic number9 atomic weight18.998403163 melting point219.62 C (363.32 F) boiling . F2 (fluorine) is an element and thus a pure substance. The fluids are fully fluorinated and contain only fluorine and carbon atoms. National Library of Medicine. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. [1] [5] Carbon tetrafluoride is formally organic, but is included here rather than in the. In general the spin endows them with angular momentum and with a magnetic moment; the first because of their mass, the second because all or part of their electric charge may be rotating with the mass. [291][292][293] PFAAs have been found in trace quantities worldwide from polar bears to humans, with PFOS and PFOA known to reside in breast milk and the blood of newborn babies. [80][92][93], Large-scale production of elemental fluorine began during World War II. To tell if F2 is ionic or covalent (also called molecular) we look at the Periodic Table that and see that F2 is made up of two non-metals. [117] Pentafluorides continue this trend with their linear polymers and oligomeric complexes. Research in this area is usually driven by commercial applications;[158] the compounds involved are diverse and reflect the complexity inherent in organic chemistry. [126][127][128] It boils at a much higher temperature than heavier hydrogen halides and unlike them is miscible with water. Applications in paints are burdened by compounding costs; this use was valued at only $100million in 2006. [263] It is a volatile liquid due to the presence of hydrogen bonding (while the other hydrohalic acids are gases). They are now banned. CFCs (chloro-fluoro-carbons) were once used as aerosol propellants, refrigerants and for blowing expanded polystyrene. When we have a non-metal and a non-metal the compound. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. [2] [3] Preparation [ edit] Strontium fluoride is prepared by the action of hydrofluoric acid on strontium carbonate. For further detail on -fluorine, see the 1970 structure by Pauling. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. And when accidents do happen, space travellers can rely on fluorocarbon-based fire extinguishers to put the flames out. Perfluorocarbons,[note 16] in which all hydrogen atoms are substituted, are insoluble in most organic solvents, reacting at ambient conditions only with sodium in liquid ammonia. For Fe 2+ use the hints and resources below to help write the name. [79][80] Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele repeated the experiment in 1771, and named the acidic product fluss-spats-syran (fluorspar acid). We welcome your feedback. [286] Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhouse gases with global-warming potentials (GWPs) of about 100 to 10,000; sulfur hexafluoride has a value of around 20,000. And fluorine's uses are not limited to earth. [237][238], Fluorine-18 is often found in radioactive tracers for positron emission tomography, as its half-life of almost two hours is long enough to allow for its transport from production facilities to imaging centers. [65][191] Fluorosilicates consume the second largest portion, with sodium fluorosilicate used in water fluoridation and laundry effluent treatment, and as an intermediate en route to cryolite and silicon tetrafluoride. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. [102][103] Alkaline earth difluorides possess strong ionic bonds but are insoluble in water,[86] with the exception of beryllium difluoride, which also exhibits some covalent character and has a quartz-like structure. ], Twenty percent of modern pharmaceuticals contain fluorine. And radioactive fluorine (. [80][180][181][182][183] Froth flotation separates mined fluorite into two main metallurgical grades of equal proportion: 6085% pure metspar is almost all used in iron smelting whereas 97%+ pure acidspar is mainly converted to the key industrial intermediate hydrogen fluoride. [124] Metal fluorides with more fluorine atoms are particularly reactive. In this video we'll write the correct name for F2. [223] Sodium monofluorophosphate and sometimes sodium or tin(II) fluoride are often found in fluoride toothpastes, first introduced in the U.S. in 1955 and now ubiquitous in developed countries, alongside fluoridated mouthwashes, gels, foams, and varnishes.[223][224][relevant? [227], Tricyclics and other pre-1980s antidepressants had several side effects due to their non-selective interference with neurotransmitters other than the serotonin target; the fluorinated fluoxetine was selective and one of the first to avoid this problem. Boiling point The high stability which suited them to their original applications also meant that they were not decomposing until they reached higher altitudes, where liberated chlorine and bromine atoms attacked ozone molecules. The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. F2 is not an element.It is a diatomic gas formed by bonding of two. This, coupled with its small molecular size, allows it to penetrate the skin and migrate rapidly towards the deeper tissue layers. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. 18F is a natural trace radioisotope produced by cosmic ray spallation of atmospheric argon as well as by reaction of protons with natural oxygen: 18O + p 18F + n.[53] Other radioisotopes have half-lives less than 70seconds; most decay in less than half a second. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhouse gases with global-warming potentials 100 to 23,500 times that of carbon dioxide, and SF6 has the highest global warming potential of any known substance. [157] It is almost non-existent in nature, but is used in artificial compounds. Highly thermostable and water proof, it's used as a coating for pots and pans, in baking sprays, and to repel stains on furniture and carpets. Developed in the 1960s, it was initially deployed as fuel cell material in spacecraft and then replaced mercury-based chloralkali process cells. Among the elements, fluorine ranks 24th in universal abundance and 13th in terrestrial abundance. F2 has a molecular weight of 37.997 g/mol. [195], About 30% of agrichemicals contain fluorine,[209] most of them herbicides and fungicides with a few crop regulators. [134], Boron trifluoride is planar and possesses an incomplete octet. F2 is a diatomic molecule most commonly called Fluorine gas . Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. [70][71][note 5] He penned the Latin word fluors (fluor, flow) for fluorite rocks. [265] Insoluble calcium fluoride formation triggers strong pain[266] and burns larger than 160cm2 (25in2) can cause serious systemic toxicity. When astronauts jet off into space they put their trust in fluoroelastomers, a type of fluorinated rubber. But a week later, doctors removed a leg, and a week after that, he was dead. ", "Biochemistry: Biosynthesis of an Organofluorine Molecule", "Overview on the History of Organofluorine Chemistry from the Viewpoint of Material Industry", Essential Nutrients in Drinking Water (Draft), "Community Water Fluoridation and Caries Prevention: A Critical Review", "Global Fluorochemicals Market to Exceed 2.6 Million Tons by 2015, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc", "Global Fluorspar Market to Reach 5.94 Million Metric Tons by 2017, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc", "Fluoropolymers Market is Poised to Grow at a CAGR of 6.5% & to Reach $9,446.0 Million by 2016 New report by MarketsandMarkets", "Neurology of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis", "The Long and the Short of Perfluorinated Replacements", "A Half-century of Community Water Fluoridation in the United States: Review and Commentary", "Underskning om fluss-spat och dess syra", "Use of Fluorine-18 Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography in Assessing the Process of Tuberculous Spondylitis", "Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)", "Basil Valentine, A Seventeenth Century Hoax", "Fluorine A Vital Element in the Medicine Chest", "Anhydrous Ammonia: (MSDS) Material Safety Data Sheet", "Fluorochemicals Market is Expected to Reach USD 21.5 Billion Globally by 2018: Transparency Market Research", United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Emerging Contaminants Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)", "Phaseout of HCFCs (Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances)", "Honeywell Invests $300m in Green Refrigerant", "Unnecessary use of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Hospitalized Patients", "A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation", Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorine&oldid=1150072916, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, fluorine is borne out on convection currents arising from fusion in, This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 05:28. Fluorides, unlike other halides, are insoluble and do not occur in commercially favorable concentrations in saline waters. [254], Elemental fluorine is highly toxic to living organisms. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. The RSC has been granted the sole and exclusive right and licence to produce, publish and further license the Images. Films from two different fluoropolymers replace glass in solar cells. [121][122][123] Rhenium heptafluoride, the only characterized metal heptafluoride, is a low-melting molecular solid with pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry. Hydrofluoric acid is used for etching the glass of light bulbs and in similar applications. The cavity-fighting agents in toothpaste are inorganic fluorides such as sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate. [253] The most common is fluoroacetate, which is used as a defense against herbivores by at least 40 plants in Africa, Australia and Brazil. [65] Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were designed as replacements; their synthesis consumes more than 90% of the fluorine in the organic industry. [226] The combination asthma prescription Seretide, a top-ten revenue drug in the mid-2000s, contains two active ingredients, one of which fluticasone is fluorinated. [246][247] Applications of pure perfluorocarbon liquid breathing (which uses pure perfluorocarbon liquid, not a water emulsion) include assisting burn victims and premature babies with deficient lungs. Name: Fluorine Gas. Burns with concentrated HF involving as little as 2.5% of the body surface area - the size of the sole of the foot, for example - have been fatal. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. [274][275] Ingested fluoride forms hydrofluoric acid in the stomach which is easily absorbed by the intestines, where it crosses cell membranes, binds with calcium and interferes with various enzymes, before urinary excretion. American sheep and cattle collars may use 1080 against predators like coyotes. The ratio of the angular momentum to magnetic moment is called the gyromagnetic ratio. [note 8] Isolation of elemental fluorine was hindered by the extreme corrosiveness of both elemental fluorine itself and hydrogen fluoride, as well as the lack of a simple and suitable electrolyte. Alias: Difluorine. Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. National Center for Biotechnology Information . Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. The fluoride ion from dissolved fluoride salts inhibits dental cavities, and so finds use in toothpaste and water fluoridation. [286] In 2007 this date was brought forward to 2020 for developed countries;[287] the Environmental Protection Agency had already prohibited one HCFC's production and capped those of two others in 2003. [195] Due to the danger from direct hydrocarbonfluorine reactions above 150C (240F), industrial fluorocarbon production is indirect, mostly through halogen exchange reactions such as Swarts fluorination, in which chlorocarbon chlorines are substituted for fluorines by hydrogen fluoride under catalysts. Fashioned into O-rings and other sealing devices, these materials ensure that aircraft remain leak-free even under extreme conditions of heat and cold. [125], Hydrogen and fluorine combine to yield hydrogen fluoride, in which discrete molecules form clusters by hydrogen bonding, resembling water more than hydrogen chloride. The anhydrous and hydrated forms are white crystalline solids. Melting point The rest of the fluorite is converted into corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route to various organic fluorides, or into cryolite, which plays a key role in aluminium refining. It is a colorless solid that occurs in nature as the rare mineral frankdicksonite. [56], Among the lighter elements, fluorine's abundance value of 400ppb (parts per billion) 24th among elements in the universe is exceptionally low: other elements from carbon to magnesium are twenty or more times as common. Rumus kimia F2 menyatakan - 6359254. jakim jakim 12.06.2016 Kimia Sekolah Menengah Atas terjawab terverifikasi oleh ahli Rumus kimia F2 menyatakan 1 Lihat jawaban Iklan Iklan FennyFadhilah1203 FennyFadhilah1203 Rumus kimia F2 menyatakan satu molekul Iklan Iklan Pertanyaan baru di Kimia. [212] Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a mammalian poison in which two acetic acid hydrogens are replaced with fluorine and sodium; it disrupts cell metabolism by replacing acetate in the citric acid cycle. 1. recognize & prioritize the functional group (s) present. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), which are sparingly water-soluble owing to their acidic functional groups, are noted persistent organic pollutants;[290] perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are most often researched. Around 4.5million tons of ore and revenue of US$550 million were generated in 2003; later reports estimated 2011 global fluorochemical sales at $15billion and predicted 201618 production figures of 3.5 to 5.9million tons, and revenue of at least $20billion. Chemical element, symbol F and atomic number 9, U.S. hazard signs for commercially transported fluorine. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Atomic radius, non-bonded Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. [32] Although nitrogen trifluoride is stable, nitrogen requires an electric discharge at elevated temperatures for reaction with fluorine to occur, due to the very strong triple bond in elemental nitrogen;[33] ammonia may react explosively. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Strontium fluoride, SrF2, also called strontium difluoride and strontium (II) fluoride, is a fluoride of strontium. Fluorite, the primary mineral source of fluorine which gave the element its name, was first described in 1529; as it was added to metal ores to lower their melting points for smelting, the Latin verb fluo meaning 'flow' gave the mineral its name. Many current antidepressants receive this same treatment, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: citalopram, its isomer escitalopram, and fluvoxamine and paroxetine. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. [283][284] With one-tenth the ODP of CFCs, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are the current replacements,[285] and are themselves scheduled for substitution by 20302040 by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with no chlorine and zero ODP. [250] Both the WHO and the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academies publish recommended daily allowance (RDA) and upper tolerated intake of fluorine, which varies with age and gender. This burgeoning nuclear industry later drove post-war fluorochemical development. Some sources will say there are five diatomic elements, rather than seven. Isotopes It is able to attack glass, concrete, metals, and organic matter. Small amounts of fluorine may be beneficial for bone strength, but the latter has not been definitively established. You can also use our tool as an electronegativity difference calculator to determine the difference between the electronegativity values of elements. Its chemical activity can be attributed to its extreme ability to attract electrons (it is the most electronegative element) and to the small size of its atoms. Molecular Formula F. Average mass 37.997 Da. 4H 2 O that is often referred to by the same names. In the laboratory, glassware may carry fluorine gas under low pressure and anhydrous conditions;[175] some sources instead recommend nickel-Monel-PTFE systems. Fluorite, fluorapatite and cryolite are the most industrially significant. [199] The largest application is in electrical insulation since PTFE is an excellent dielectric. What is the name of the chemical compound F2? [166][167] Other fluoropolymers retain some hydrogen atoms; polyvinylidene fluoride has half the fluorine atoms of PTFE and polyvinyl fluoride has a quarter, but both behave much like perfluorinated polymers. You do not have JavaScript enabled. [80][172][173] Fluorine can be stored in steel cylinders that have passivated interiors, at temperatures below 200C (392F); otherwise nickel can be used. [164], Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sometimes called by its DuPont name Teflon,[201] represents 6080% by mass of the world's fluoropolymer production. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. F Answer a Answer b Answer c Answer d Answer e Chemical Formulas A chemical formula is an expression that shows each of the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements. Molar Mass: 37.9968. [282] Even with the ban, and early indications of its efficacy, predictions warned that several generations would pass before full recovery. [274][276], Historically, most cases of fluoride poisoning have been caused by accidental ingestion of insecticides containing inorganic fluorides. National Institutes of Health. g/cm3 Electronegativity:? Another major use is in PFTE-coated fiberglass cloth for stadium roofs. Kelsey. [176], While preparing for a 1986 conference to celebrate the centennial of Moissan's achievement, Karl O. Christe reasoned that chemical fluorine generation should be feasible since some metal fluoride anions have no stable neutral counterparts; their acidification potentially triggers oxidation instead. Gore-tex's pores are small enough to keep water droplets out, while allowing water vapour (that is, sweat) to escape. [65][194] Surfactants are a minor application but generate over $1billion in annual revenue. These brave scientists were battling to be the first to isolate elemental fluorine (F. Ironically, while elemental fluorine is decidedly bad for your health, fluorine atoms turns up in some 20% of all pharmaceuticals. Is F2 a atom or molecule? Fluorine dioxide | O2F2 or F2O2 | CID 123257 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Second write the Roman Numeral for the charge with parentheses around it. [43] Fluorine condenses into a bright yellow liquid at 188C (306F), a transition temperature similar to those of oxygen and nitrogen. [87][89] In 1886, after 74 years of effort by many chemists, Moissan isolated elemental fluorine. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. He devised a method which evolves fluorine at high yield and atmospheric pressure:[177], Christe later commented that the reactants "had been known for more than 100 years and even Moissan could have come up with this scheme. [200] Fluoropolymers can only be formed by polymerizing free radicals. If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department by email. The top-selling anti-depressant Prozac, the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, and the antibacterial Cipro, all have fluorine to thank for their success. CAS number The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. Next week.ouch. [77], Hydrofluoric acid was used in glass etching from 1720 onward. (The French scientist, Andr Ampre coined the name fluorine in 1812.) [82] He also proposed in a letter to Sir Humphry Davy dated August 26, 1812 that this then-unknown substance may be named fluorine from fluoric acid and the -ine suffix of other halogens. Fluoride not only decreases the amount of enamel-dissolving acid produced by plaque bacteria, but aids in the tooth rebuilding process, insinuating itself into the enamel to form an even harder surface which resists future attack. Excision or amputation of affected parts may be required. The latter crystallizes at 220C (364F) and is transparent and soft, with the same disordered cubic structure of freshly crystallized solid oxygen,[44][note 2] unlike the orthorhombic systems of other solid halogens. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. "[178] As late as 2008, some references still asserted that fluorine was too reactive for any chemical isolation. [201] Other fluoropolymers, including fluorinated ethylene propylene, mimic PTFE's properties and can substitute for it; they are more moldable, but also more costly and have lower thermal stability. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. HF has a long history of destructive behaviour, claiming the lives of several chemists in the 1800s, including the Belgian Paulin Louyet, and the Frenchman Jrme Nickls. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Robbed of their co-factors, critical metabolic enzymes can no longer function, cells begin to die, tissues to liquefy and bone to corrode away. It is the 13th most common element in the Earths crust. [251][252], Natural organofluorines have been found in microorganisms and plants[68] but not animals. New Zealand, the largest consumer of 1080, uses it to protect kiwis from the invasive Australian common brushtail possum. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. [86][note 7], Initial studies on fluorine were so dangerous that several 19th-century experimenters were deemed "fluorine martyrs" after misfortunes with hydrofluoric acid. This chemical species can be described as a diatomic molecule since it is a molecule that is composed of two of the same atoms. [62] Most fluorine exists as fluoride-containing minerals. Chemical Elements, Periodic Table Compound Name Formula Search Moles to Grams Calculator Common Compounds List Chemical Equation Balancer Complete List of Acids Complete List of Bases Molar to Mass Concentration Converter Molar Mass Calculator Cations, Anions List Dilution Calculator Molarity Calculator .